Black Independent Schools--Africana Library, Cornell University

Afrik, Hannibal T. Education or Self-Reliance, Idealism To Reality: An Analysis of The Independent School Movement. Stanford, CA: Council Of Independent Black Institutions, 1981.

_____. Institutional Development: The Need For Black Educational Models And Is The Community Control of Schools Still Alive? Chicago: Black Spear Press, 1981.

Akoto, K. A. Nationbuilding: Theory and Practice in Afrikan Centered Education. Washington, DC: Pan Afrikan World Institute, 1992.

Bowers, Margaret A. The Independent Black Educational Institution: An Exploration and Identification of Selected Factors That Relate To Their Survival. PhD. Thesis, Atlanta University, 1984.

Brown, E. "Black Like Me? 'Gangsta' Culture, Clarence Thomas, And Afrocentric Academies." New York University Law Review, 2000 75(2): 308-353.

Bush, Lawson, V. "Independent Black Institutions in America: A Rejection of Schooling, An Opportunity For Education." Urban Education 1997 32(1): 98-116.

Carter, D. "Parental Schooling Choice: African-American Parents' Choice of Black Independent Schools." Sankofa 1987 1 (1): 11-13.

Dent, David J. "A Black Private School Prepares For A New Home." New York Times, February 10, 1999, Section B, Page

Cush Campus Schools Has Quietly Provided A Low-Tuition Alternative For Inner-City Youth Since 1971. There Are About 150 Private Secular Schools Founded By African-Americans Across The Country, Including 21 In The New York Metropolitan Region.

Davidson, Joe. "Private Schools For Black Pupils Are Flourishing." Wall Street Journal, April 15, 1987, P

At Least 250 Independent Black Schools, About Half Of Them Church-Affiliated, Are In Operation In The U.S., According To The National Center For Neighborhood Enterprise, A Washington, D.C., Research Organization.

Dove, Nah E. "The Emergence of Black Supplementary Schools As Forms Of Resistance To Racism In The United Kingdom." In Too Much Schooling, Too Little Education: A Paradox Of Black Life In White Societies. Edited By Mwalimu J. Shujaa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994: 343-359.

Doughty, James Jefferson. A Historical Analysis Of Black Education: Focusing on the Contemporary Independent Black School Movement. PhD. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1975.

Foster, Gail. "New York City's Wealth of Historically Black Independent Schools." Journal Of Negro Education 1992 61(2):186-200.

Foster, Gail and Evelyn Foster. New York And New Jersey Directory of Historically Black Independent Schools: Including East Coast Boarding Schools. New York: Toussaint Institute Fund,

"From Relevance To Excellence." Black Books Bulletin 1974 2(3-4): 20-22.

Giles, Dari. "Black Independent Schools." Essence 1995 26(5): 124+

Henry, Annette. "'Invisible' and 'Womanish': Black Girls Negotiating Their Lives In An African-Centered School In The USA." Race, Ethnicity And Education 1998 1(2): 151-170.

Hoover, Mary Eleanor Rhodes. "The Nairobi Day School: An African American Independent School, 1966-1984." Journal Of Negro Education 1992 61(2): 201-210.

Johnson, Ayanna. "Excerpt From The Independent School Guide: How To Start Maintain And Expand The Independent School." Black News 1978 25(3): 8-11.

Johnson, Sylvia T. and D. Kamili Anderson. "Legacies And Lessons From Independent Schools." Journal of Negro Education 1992 61(2):121-124.

Kabugi, Njuguna. "Independent Black Schools, Another Voice, Another Choice." The Crisis 1997 104(2): 34+

Kaurouma, Patricia Ann. An Evaluation of The History of The Development of The Black Free School Movement In America, 1954 To 1973: A Search For Alternatives. PhD. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1974.

_____. "The Independent Black Free School: A Preliminary Report." Black Collegian 1976 7(2): 28-29+

Kifano, S. "Afrocentric Education In Supplementary Schools: Paradigm and Practice at The Mary Mcleod Bethune Institute." Journal of Negro Education 1996 65(2): 209-218.

Lee, Carol D. "Profile Of An Independent Black Institution: African-Centered Education At Work." Journal of Negro Education 61 (Spring 1992): 160-177.

Lomotey, Kofi. "Independent Black Institutions: A Cultural Perspective." In Visible Now: Blacks In Private Schools. Edited By D.T. Slaughter and D.J. Johnson. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.

_____. "Independent Black Institutions: African-Centered Education Models." Journal of Negro Education 1992 61(4): 455-462.

Madzimoyo, Wekesa. "Afrikan-Americans Educate Their Own." Southern Exposure 1980 8(3): 42-46.

Mcgovern, James R. "'Miz Lillie' And Her Special School." Gulf Coast Historical Review 1986 1(2): 23-32.

Mirza, HS and D. Reay. "Spaces And Places Of Black Educational Desire: Rethinking Black Supplementary Schools As A New Social Movement." Sociology: The Journal of The British Sociological Association 2000 34(3): 521-544.

Murrell, PC. "Chartering The Village: The Making of An African-Centered Charter School." Urban Education 1999 33(5): 565-583.

Newton, Edmund. "Black Independent Schools: An Alternative To Public Education." Black Enterprise, September 1984: 61-65.

Nichols, Julie Burnett and Chiquita R. Nalls. "Emancipatory Notions of African American Education." 21st Century Afro Review 1995 1 (3): 71-85.

Rashid, Hakim M. and Zakiyyah Muhammad. "The Sister Clara Muhammad Schools: Pioneers In The Development of Islamic Education In America." Journal of Negro Education 1992 61(2): 178-185.

Ratteray, J. D. "African-American Achievement: A Research Agenda Emphasizing Independent Schools." In Going To School: The African-American Experience. Edited By Kofi Lomotey. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990: 197-208.

Reay, D. and H.S. Mirza. "Uncovering Genealogies of The Margins: Black Supplementary Schooling." British Journal of Sociology of Education 1997 18(4): 477-499.

Ridley, June Arden. The Independent Black (Educational) Institution: An Exploratory Study With Implications For The Institutionalization of American Schools. PhD. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1971.

Satterwhite, F.J. Planning An Independent Black Educational Institution. New York: Afram Associates, 1971.

Shujaa, Mwalimu J. "Afrocentric Transformation And Parental Choice In African-American Independent Schools." In Too Much Schooling, Too Little Education: A Paradox of Black Life In White Societies. Edited By Mwalimu J. Shujaa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994: 361-376.

Shujaa, Mwalimu J. And Hannibal T. Afrik. "School Desegregation, The Politics Of Culture, And The Council Of Independent Black Institutions." In Beyond Desegregation: The Politics of Quality In African-American Schooling. Edited By Mwalimu J. Shujaa. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 1996.

Wilkinson, Deborah M. "Black Independent Schools: Reality of Alternative Education Schools In Philadelphia, PA." Integrated Education 21 (Jan./Dec. 1983): 219-226.


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		Print This Page Black Independent Schools (http://www.library.cornell.edu/africana/guides/indschools.html) Compiled By Thomas Weissinger, Librarian Afrik, Hannibal T. Education or Self-Reliance, Idealism To Reality: An Analysis of The Independent School Movement. Stanford, CA: Council Of Independent Black Institutions, 1981. _____. Institutional Development: The Need For Black Educational Models And Is The Community Control of Schools Still Alive? Chicago: Black Spear Press, 1981. Akoto, K. A. Nationbuilding: Theory and Practice in Afrikan Centered Education. Washington, DC: Pan Afrikan World Institute, 1992. Bowers, Margaret A. The Independent Black Educational Institution: An Exploration and Identification of Selected Factors That Relate To Their Survival. PhD. Thesis, Atlanta University, 1984. Brown, E. "Black Like Me? 'Gangsta' Culture, Clarence Thomas, And Afrocentric Academies." New York University Law Review, 2000 75(2): 308-353. Bush, Lawson, V. "Independent Black Institutions in America: A Rejection of Schooling, An Opportunity For Education." Urban Education 1997 32(1): 98-116. Carter, D. "Parental Schooling Choice: African-American Parents' Choice of Black Independent Schools." Sankofa 1987 1 (1): 11-13. Dent, David J. "A Black Private School Prepares For A New Home." New York Times, February 10, 1999, Section B, Page Cush Campus Schools Has Quietly Provided A Low-Tuition Alternative For Inner-City Youth Since 1971. There Are About 150 Private Secular Schools Founded By African-Americans Across The Country, Including 21 In The New York Metropolitan Region. Davidson, Joe. "Private Schools For Black Pupils Are Flourishing." Wall Street Journal, April 15, 1987, P At Least 250 Independent Black Schools, About Half Of Them Church-Affiliated, Are In Operation In The U.S., According To The National Center For Neighborhood Enterprise, A Washington, D.C., Research Organization. Dove, Nah E. "The Emergence of Black Supplementary Schools As Forms Of Resistance To Racism In The United Kingdom." In Too Much Schooling, Too Little Education: A Paradox Of Black Life In White Societies. Edited By Mwalimu J. Shujaa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994: 343-359. Doughty, James Jefferson. A Historical Analysis Of Black Education: Focusing on the Contemporary Independent Black School Movement. PhD. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1975. Foster, Gail. "New York City's Wealth of Historically Black Independent Schools." Journal Of Negro Education 1992 61(2):186-200. Foster, Gail and Evelyn Foster. New York And New Jersey Directory of Historically Black Independent Schools: Including East Coast Boarding Schools. New York: Toussaint Institute Fund, "From Relevance To Excellence." Black Books Bulletin 1974 2(3-4): 20-22. Giles, Dari. "Black Independent Schools." Essence 1995 26(5): 124+ Henry, Annette. "'Invisible' and 'Womanish': Black Girls Negotiating Their Lives In An African-Centered School In The USA." Race, Ethnicity And Education 1998 1(2): 151-170. Hoover, Mary Eleanor Rhodes. "The Nairobi Day School: An African American Independent School, 1966-1984." Journal Of Negro Education 1992 61(2): 201-210. Johnson, Ayanna. "Excerpt From The Independent School Guide: How To Start Maintain And Expand The Independent School." Black News 1978 25(3): 8-11. Johnson, Sylvia T. and D. Kamili Anderson. "Legacies And Lessons From Independent Schools." Journal of Negro Education 1992 61(2):121-124. Kabugi, Njuguna. "Independent Black Schools, Another Voice, Another Choice." The Crisis 1997 104(2): 34+ Kaurouma, Patricia Ann. An Evaluation of The History of The Development of The Black Free School Movement In America, 1954 To 1973: A Search For Alternatives. PhD. Thesis, University of Colorado, 1974. _____. "The Independent Black Free School: A Preliminary Report." Black Collegian 1976 7(2): 28-29+ Kifano, S. "Afrocentric Education In Supplementary Schools: Paradigm and Practice at The Mary Mcleod Bethune Institute." Journal of Negro Education 1996 65(2): 209-218. Lee, Carol D. "Profile Of An Independent Black Institution: African-Centered Education At Work." Journal of Negro Education 61 (Spring 1992): 160-177. Lomotey, Kofi. "Independent Black Institutions: A Cultural Perspective." In Visible Now: Blacks In Private Schools. Edited By D.T. Slaughter and D.J. Johnson. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. _____. "Independent Black Institutions: African-Centered Education Models." Journal of Negro Education 1992 61(4): 455-462. Madzimoyo, Wekesa. "Afrikan-Americans Educate Their Own." Southern Exposure 1980 8(3): 42-46. Mcgovern, James R. "'Miz Lillie' And Her Special School." Gulf Coast Historical Review 1986 1(2): 23-32. Mirza, HS and D. Reay. "Spaces And Places Of Black Educational Desire: Rethinking Black Supplementary Schools As A New Social Movement." Sociology: The Journal of The British Sociological Association 2000 34(3): 521-544. Murrell, PC. "Chartering The Village: The Making of An African-Centered Charter School." Urban Education 1999 33(5): 565-583. Newton, Edmund. "Black Independent Schools: An Alternative To Public Education." Black Enterprise, September 1984: 61-65. Nichols, Julie Burnett and Chiquita R. Nalls. "Emancipatory Notions of African American Education." 21st Century Afro Review 1995 1 (3): 71-85. Rashid, Hakim M. and Zakiyyah Muhammad. "The Sister Clara Muhammad Schools: Pioneers In The Development of Islamic Education In America." Journal of Negro Education 1992 61(2): 178-185. Ratteray, J. D. "African-American Achievement: A Research Agenda Emphasizing Independent Schools." In Going To School: The African-American Experience. Edited By Kofi Lomotey. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1990: 197-208. Reay, D. and H.S. Mirza. "Uncovering Genealogies of The Margins: Black Supplementary Schooling." British Journal of Sociology of Education 1997 18(4): 477-499. Ridley, June Arden. The Independent Black (Educational) Institution: An Exploratory Study With Implications For The Institutionalization of American Schools. PhD. Thesis, University of Michigan, 1971. Satterwhite, F.J. Planning An Independent Black Educational Institution. New York: Afram Associates, 1971. Shujaa, Mwalimu J. "Afrocentric Transformation And Parental Choice In African-American Independent Schools." In Too Much Schooling, Too Little Education: A Paradox of Black Life In White Societies. Edited By Mwalimu J. Shujaa. Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 1994: 361-376. Shujaa, Mwalimu J. And Hannibal T. Afrik. "School Desegregation, The Politics Of Culture, And The Council Of Independent Black Institutions." In Beyond Desegregation: The Politics of Quality In African-American Schooling. Edited By Mwalimu J. Shujaa. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 1996. Wilkinson, Deborah M. "Black Independent Schools: Reality of Alternative Education Schools In Philadelphia, PA." Integrated Education 21 (Jan./Dec. 1983): 219-226.