Africana Studies 100.1: Stories, Poems, and Essays by Black Male Writers
http://www.library.cornell.edu/olinuris/ref/afr100_1.html

 

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Finding Background Resources

Handbooks and Encyclopedias

African American Writers. 2nd ed. 2 vols.
Smith, Valerie, ed.
New York: C. Scribner's Sons, 2001.
(Olin Ref   PS153 .N5 A23 2001+, and Africana Ref   PS153 .NS A231 2001)

This up-to-date and very well?written handbook covers the writing of over 50 African-Americans from slave narratives to contemporary fiction. The entries consist of a biographical, critical essay for each author and a thorough bibliography. Many essays include excerpts of work by the author. Also included is a chronology, a list of contributors, and an index.

American Writers: A Collection of Literary Biographies. 4 vols.
Unger, Leonard, ed.
New York: Scriber's, 1974.
(Uris Ref   PS129 .A51), with supplements (1979-2004)

This is an excellent source for information about the lives, careers and works of major American writers. The nearly 100 essays were originally published as the University of Minnesota's Pamphlets on American Writers and contain, in addition to biographical materials, a selected bibliography of the author's books as well as books and articles about him/her, and a critical analysis and evaluation of the writer's work. Arranged alphabetically by author from volume one through four. The final volume also includes an index to authors, titles and subjects mentioned throughout the work. The major weakness of the original set is that it includes very few women or black writers. The set has now been updated with twelve supplements in eighteen volumes, which include many more women and black writers.

The Black American Reference Book
Smythe, Mabel M., ed.
Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1976.
(Olin Ref   E185 .D26 1976, also Africana Ref, Uris Stacks)

A comprehensive handbook of essays on all aspects of Afro-American life. All essays are written by scholars and contain statistical data, notes, and bibliographies useful for further research. An introductory chapter deals with Ablack@ nomenclature. All contributors are identified as are their academic qualifications. A tale of contents and subject index provide easy access to both broad (e.g. The Black American Worker) and narrow (e.g. Watts [Los Angeles]) topics.

Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery
Miller, Randall M. and John David Smith, eds.
Westport: Greenwood, 1988.
(Africana Ref   E441 .D55, and Uris Ref   E185 .D55)

Focused on the United States and placed in time between the first English settlement in North America and the Reconstruction period after the Civil War, this dictionary contains entries on such subjects as abolition, the slave trade, the underground railroad, Nat Turner, slavery in the various regions of the U.S., slave culture, religious influences and much more. Entries vary in length from a brief paragraph to many pages, and nearly all are followed by references to further readings. Appendixes include a chronology of Afro-American slavery, a list of editors and contributors, and finally, a subject and name index.

Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History: the Black Experience in the Americas,. 2nd ed. 6 vols.
Palmer, Colin A. ed.
Detroit: Macmillan Reference, 2006.
(Olin Ref E185 .E54 2006, 1st ed. in Uris Ref   E185 .E54 1996, also Africana Ref)

This second edition of the award-winning Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History is a much-needed expansion of the 1996 classic and its 2000 Supplement, both of which focused almost exclusively on the United States. Widening its lens to include the whole Western Hemisphere, the new edition identifies and addresses broad themes critical to understanding the texture of cultures, achievements and challenges (publisher). The entries include biographies, descriptions of events, historical eras, legal cases, areas of cultural achievement, professions, sports, and places. Each entry includes a list of references. Volume six includes an appendix which provides extensive statistical information. Cross-references with in the entries make it easy to follow related topics. A revised and updated version of the first edition also available in Africana Library on CD-Rom.

Encyclopedia of Black America
Low, W. Augustus and Virgil A. Clift, eds.
New York: Da Capo Press, 1984.
(Africana Ref   E185 .E56+, as well as Olin Ref, and Uris Ref   E185 .E57 1981+)

The first comprehensive volume summarizing major and minor events of the history of black people. Entries fall into three categories: articles, biographies and cross references. The category for articles is divided into clusters, arranged alphabetically; examples include Africa, African Legacy/Survivals, Afro-American History, Civil Disorders, Civil Rights, Education, Literature, Music, Newspapers, Race, and Slavery. Biographies comprise the second category and are more concise than the articles. They number about 1400. The major limitation of this source is that the date of material does not extend beyond 1976-1977.

Encyclopedia of World Literature in the 20th Century. 5 vols. Rev. ed.
Klein, Leonard, gen. ed.
New York: Ungar, 1981.
(Uris Ref   PN41 .L64 1981, Vols. 1-5, and Olin Ref   PN41 .L64 1981+, Vols. 1-4)

This revised edition strives to review, reconsider, and update world literature of the 20th century in an internationalized, comprehensive manner for the scholar, student, and general reader. The four volumes are alphabetically arranged with: a) articles on national literatures in the post W.W. II era, including survey articles on 85 Asian and African literatures; b) topical articles (i.e. cubism, imagism) and c) separate articles on major and representative writers. Transitional 19th to 20th century figures who produced significant work after 1900 have been included. Each article is signed. Extensive cross references, bibliographies, and lists of further works by authors are provided.

The Handbook of African American Literature
Ervin, Hazel Arnett.
Gainesville : University Press of Florida, c2004.
(Olin Ref   PS153 .N5 E78 2004, also Africana Ref)

This handbook provides comprehensive coverage of the analysis, interpretation, history, and appreciation of African American literature. It features 415 literary terms, ages, movements, periods, and cultural sources, covering works of major critics and major and minor writers from the 1700s to the present. Also included is a literary timeline, divided into sections for African, African American, and Anglophone Caribbean literature that illustrates what was written during the same years in different parts of the world.

The Negro Almanac: A Reference Work On the African American. 5th ed.
Ploski, Harry A. and James Williams, comps. and eds.
New York: Gale Research, 1989.
(Uris Ref   E185 .N39 1989, also ILR Ref)

A comprehensive reference work on the history and culture of Afro-Americans. A sizeable number of illustrations and statistical charts comprise each section. An extensive bibliography covers such areas as culture and society, slavery, Africa, literature and related fields.

Oxford Companion to African American Literature
Andrews, William L., Frances Smith Foster, and Trudier Harris, Ed.
New York: Oxford, 1997.
Also available in print in (Uris Ref   PS153 .N5 O96x 1997, and Olin Ref   PS153 .N5 O98 1997)

(Please note that it contains fewer entries than the print version.) A landmark handbook comprising the contributions of over 350 contributors. Entries include themes like "Black Aesthetic" and "Freedom." Other entries cover topics such as "Folk Literature" and "Slave Narratives." There are over 400 biographical entries ranging in length from two hundred to more than two thousand words. Many of the entries include brief bibliographies. The work is extremely well-organized, with many cross-references and a detailed index.

Critical and Biographical Sources

American National Biography
New York: Oxford UP, 2000.
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Also available in print in (Olin Ref   CT213 .A68x 1999)

The landmark American National Biography offers portraits of more than 17,400 men and women -- from all eras and walks of life -- whose lives have shaped the nation. More than a decade in preparation, the American National Biography is the first biographical resource of this scope to be published in more than sixty years.

Published in 24 volumes in 1999, the American National Biography won instant acclaim as the new authority in American biographies." (Oxford University Press' About the ANB Web Page.) The online edition is "updated quarterly, with hundreds of new entries each year and revisions of previously published entries to enhance their accuracy and currency. The ANB Online features thousands of illustrations, more than 80,000 hyperlinked cross-references, links to select web sites, and powerful search capabilities."

Black Biography, 1790-1950: a cumulative index. 3 vols.
Burkett, Randall K., Nancy Hall Burkett, and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., eds.
Alexandria: Chadwyck-Healey, 1991.
(African Ref   E185.96 .B533, and Olin Ref   E185.96 .B616)

This three volume set provides indexing for the Black Biographical Dictionaries 1790-1950 (Africana Reserve Microfiche 6) microfiche set. Volumes one and two include an index by name. Each entry includes a reference and page number. Volume three provides bibliographic information for each reference. There are also indexes listing individuals by occupation and place of birth.
A supplement published in 2000 is available in (Africana Ref   E185.96 B533 Suppl.)

Black Literature Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Most Significant Works of Black Authors over the Past 200 Years. 3 vols.
Draper, James P., ed.
Detroit: Gale, 1992.
(Olin Ref   PS153 .N5 B617, also Africana Ref)

This set contains a selection of criticism of works by major black writers. Including poets, essayists, autobiographers, novelists and more. Approximately half of the entries were selected and updated from the Gale's Literary Criticism Series. The entries include introductions to the author and extensive excerpts from the selected criticism. The set also includes an author index, nationality index, and a title index.

Contemporary Authors: A Bio-Bibliographical Guide to Current Writers in Fiction, General Non-Fiction, Poetry, Journalism, Drama, Motion Pictures, Television and Other Fields
Detroit: Gale, 1962- . Vol. 1- .
(In Literature Resource Center through Library Gateway, Find Databases)

An excellent source for information on both major authors and new and relatively unknown authors. An up-to-date source of biographical information supplied by the individual authors. Also included are bibliographies, work in progress, career, and personal facts. Covers authors living as of 1960.

Contemporary Black Biography
Detroit : Gale Research Inc., c1992-
(Africana Ref   DT18 .C76)

Neurosurgeon Keith Lanier Black, boxer Sugar Ray Robinson, Kraft executive Paula A. Sneed, and journalist Laura Washington are among the individuals newly profiled in this addition to the series. There are also updated entries for Arthur Ashe, Ella Fitzgerald, and Will Smith.

Contemporary Literary Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Works of Today's Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, and Other Creative Writers
Detroit: Gale, 1973- . Vol. 1- .
(In Literature Resource Center through Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Also available in print in (Uris Ref   PN771 .C762)

Designed as an ongoing series of selective excerpts from critical writings (books and periodical articles) on contemporary authors. Writers treated are those who are either now living or who have died since January 1, 1960. In addition, consideration is given to writers of current interest and authors of mystery and science fiction writing. Full citations to the source follow the excerpts. Arrangement of each volume is alphabetical by author's surname. Index to authors covered in series is cumulated in each volume. Olin Library has volumes one through eighteen in the stacks.

Dictionary of Literary Biography.
Detroit: Gale, 1978- .
(In Literature Resource Center through Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Also available in print in (Uris Ref   PS129 .D55)

An on-going set of volumes, published by Gale Research Company and designed to provide biographic, bibliographic, and critical material on major writers of America and Great Britain as well as some writers of Canada, France and Germany. Each volume is arranged alphabetically by the writers covered. There are numerous portraits and often there are appendices containing special information. A list of further reading concludes each volume. An index to all volumes appears at the end of each latest volume. Olin and Africana buy selective volumes.

Index to Black American Writers in Collective Biographies
Campbell, Dorothy W.
Littleton: Libraries Unlimited, 1983.
(Uris Ref   Z1229 .N39 C18, also Olin Ref, Africana Ref)

This index contains references to biographical information on approximately 1,900 black American writers in collective biographies. Includes more than just creative writers. Look here for black historians, journalists, literary critics, etc. The collections of biographies are listed in alphabetical order by title at the end of the book.

Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism
Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Company, c1981- .
(Uris Ref   PN761 .N71)

NCLC provides criticism on the works of nineteenth-century authors. Each annual volume includes criticism on about 40 to 50 writers. Each alphabetical author entry includes: the author heading (with full name and dates of birth and death), a short biographical paragraph, a list of principal works and then the criticism excerpts (each containing a full citation to their source). Uris Library has the first thirteen volumes only.

Notable Black American Men
Smith, Jessie Carney, ed.
Detroit : Gale Research, 1998.
(Africana Ref   E185.86 .N68x 1998)

"Notable Black American Men profiles 500 men, from poet Jupiter Hammon (b. 1711 ) to Tiger Woods. Subjects . . . met certain criteria, including important contributions to business, the arts, social justice, government, and scholarship. Emphasis seems to be on 'firsts' - the first black man elected to public office in a state, the first black man to sing at the Metropolitan Opera, the first black man to receive a college degree, etc. Each entry begins with birth and death dates and a few words describing the subject's major fields of endeavor, followed by a biographical essay, a list of references, and, in some cases, a note on collections of source material. . . Profiles highlight influences and obstacles as well as achievements. The volume concludes with a geographic and occupation index, along with an index of people, places, events, institutions, and other terms contained in the entries." (Booklist review).

Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism
Detroit, Mich., Gale Research Co. 1978 -.
(Uris Library Ref   PN771 .T97)

The purpose of TCLC is to provide excerpts of current criticism about writers who died between the years 1900 and 1960. Each annual volume includes criticism on about 40 to 50 writers. Some early criticism is included to indicate initial reaction to a work, later criticism is included to represent any rise or fall in an author's popularity, and current retrospective analyses provide the modern view. Each alphabetical author entry includes: the author heading (with full name and dates of birth and death), a short biographical paragraph, a list of principal works and then the criticism excerpts (each containing a full citation to their source). Note that entries are generally under the best known name of the author (thus Sidney Porter is under O. Henry, Salomon Rabinowitz under Shalom Aleichem, etc.)

Bibliographies

African-American Literature: Overview and Bibliography
Tilden, Paul Q., ed.
New York : Nova Science Publishers, 2003.
(Olin Stacks   PS153 .N5 A37x 2003+)

"This new book presents an important overview of African-American literature as well as a comprehensive bibliography with easy access provided by title, subject, and author indexes." (Preface)

Black American Fiction: a Bibliography
Fairbanks, Carol and Eugene A. Engeldinger.
Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow, 1978.
(Olin Ref   Z1361 .N39 F16)

A comprehensive listing of black American authors and their fiction, as well as biographical and critical works about them. The lack of annotations for any of the entries makes this work somewhat less useful than it would otherwise be. However it is important because of its broad coverage.

Black American Writers: Bibliographical Essays. 2 vols.
Inge, M. Thomas, Maurice Duke, and Jackson R. Bryer, eds.
New York: St. Martin's, 1978.
(Olin Ref   PS153 .N5 B62, and Africana Stacks   PS153 .N5 B62w 1978)

This work is intended as "an appraisal of the best biographical and critical writings about America's seminal black writers, as well as an identification of manuscript and special sources for continued study...Volume one covers the early black writers of the eighteenth century, the slave narratives, the early modern writers, the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes. Volume two focuses on four major twentieth-century black writers: Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, and Amiri Baraka (Leroi Jones)." (Preface)

Black American Writers Past and Present: a Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. 2 vols.
Rush, Theressa G., Carol F. Myers, and Ester S. Arata.
Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1975.
(Uris Ref   Z1229 .N39 R95, also Olin Ref, Africana Ref)

Includes over 2000 black American writers, living and deceased, from Africa and the West Indies who live and/or publish in the United States. Includes biographical and bibliographical references.

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FINDING BOOKS

Connect to the Cornell University Library Catalog

The Cornell University Library Catalog includes the holdings of all of the libraries on the Ithaca campus, in addition to those of the Geneva Experiment Station. (The Medical College Library, located in New York City, has a separate catalog.) The catalog contains records for books, computer files, government documents, manuscripts and archives, maps, musical scores, periodicals, serials, sound recordings, and visual materials received and cataloged since 1973. There are also records for most pre-1973 items, and for items that are on order or in process.

Understanding Library of Congress Call Numbers

Library of Congress Classification

The Cornell University Library uses Library of Congress subject headings as the standard for subject searching. Unlike searching by keyword, where any term or wording of a topic can be entered into the computer, subject searching requires you to use the exact wording of an official Library of Congress subject heading in order to retrieve search results.

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FINDING PERIODICAL ARTICLES

Periodical indexes identify and locate articles in magazines, journals and newspapers. Periodical indexes provide the authors, titles, and sometimes abstracts, of relevant articles, along with the name of the periodical, volume, pages and date. Some online periodical indexes also provide the full-text of the article. When full-text articles are not provided, use the Cornell Library Catalog to determine which library owns the periodicals you need. For the complete list of indexes see Find Databases

Please see selected list of indexes below:

Academic Search Premier.
Ipswich, MA : EBSCO Publishing, 1984 to present.
(Library Gateway, Catalog)

This interdisciplinary database provides citations and abstracts for articles from over 4,140 journals, and includes full-text articles from over 3,170 journals.

America: History and Life.
Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1964-.
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Also available in print in (Olin stacks   Z1236 .A2 A5+)

Indexes and abstracts national, regional, and international journals, book and media reviews, dissertations, and books covering American and Canadian history from pre-history to the present. Includes materials from archival, library, and historical society collections. This publication is an outgrowth of the earlier Historical Abstracts which attempted to cover U.S. history as well as world history.

Afro-American History; A Bibliography Smith, Dwight L., ed.
Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio, 1974- .
(Olin Ref &nbso; Z1361 N39 S64 +, also Africana Ref)

A selection of abstracts from America: History and Life pertaining to Afro-American history.

Biography Index: A Cumulative Index to Biographical Material in Books and Magazines
New York: Wilson, 1984- .
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Also available in print, 1946 to the present, in (Olin Ref   Z5301 .B61+)

Covers biographical material appearing in more than 2,500 periodicals, in current books of individual and collective biography in the English language, and in obituaries (including those of national interest published in the New York Times). Types of biographical material included are: pure biography, critical material of biographical significance, autobiography, letters, diaries, memoirs, journals, genealogies, fiction, drama, poetry, and bibliographies. Persons indexed are from all countries and all historical periods. In two sections: 1) name alphabet; 2) index by profession and occupation. For almost any biographical research, it is the best place to start looking for recent material.

Black Studies Database Kaiser index to Black resources.
Baltimore, MD : National Information Services Corp., c1997-
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Disc also available in (Africana Ref   Disc Z1361 .N39 B625)

This database covers events critical to the study of Black life and culture outside of Africa including notable figures in Black history, culture, and sports; the Civil Rights Movement; the growth of the NAACP and the National Urban League; the Southern Christian Leadership Conference; jazz and soul music; Taken from more than 150 publications relevant to the Black experience and African Diaspora.

Ethnic NewsWatch
Stamford: Softline Information, 1990-. Monthly.
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Disc also available in (Africana Ref   Disc Z1361 .N39 B625)

This is a multi-cultural database containing the full-text of articles, columns, and editorials from 125 ethnic and minority American newspapers and news magazines. It includes African-American, Arab-American, Asian-American, Eastern European, European, Hispanic/Chicano/Latino, Jewish, and Native American publications. Spanish-language newspapers are in Spanish; the database is searchable in English and Spanish. Local, national, and international business, economic, political, and social issues are covered in addition to entertainment, fashion and music topics.

Humanities Index
New York: Wilson, 1974- .
(Olin Ref   AI3 .H91+)

An author and subject index to over 400 English language scholarly journals. "Subject fields indexed include archaeology and classical studies, area studies, folklore, history, language and literature...philosophy, religion, and theology." (Prefatory Note) Also includes an author index to book reviews which have appeared in journals indexed. Continues in part Social Sciences and Humanities Index and the International Index.

Index to Black Periodicals
Detroit: Gale Group, 1999-2004.
Boston, MA: G.K. Hall, 1950-1998.
(Africana Ref   Z1361 .N39 I38; also Olin Stacks)
Also available on Disc, 1995-2004, in (Africana Ref   Z1039 .B56 B62)

A yearly author and subject index to about 25 Afro-American periodicals of general and scholarly interest. The journals which are included cut across such disciplines as psychology, sociology, education, history and popular culture, etc. Formerly called the Index to Periodical Articles By and About Blacks, and is the best source available for articles from black journals.

MLA Bibliography
New York: Modern Language Association, 1925- .
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)
Also available in print,
1921 - 1962, in (Olin Ref   Z7006 .M68 +)
1963 - 2004, in (Olin Stacks   Z7006 .M68 +)

An international database providing references to scholarly articles from over 4000 journals dealing with languages, literature, folklore and linguistics. It is useful for finding literary criticism of a particular author or work, as well as articles on literary theory, women's studies, popular culture, and performing arts.

Proquest Research Library.
Ann Arbor: UMI, 1986- . Monthly.
(Library Gateway, Find Databases)

Research Library, formerly known as Periodical Abstracts, is a comprehensive database available through the ProQuest online system. It indexes and abstracts general interest magazines and scholarly journals in the social sciences, humanities and sciences. It comprises two components: a core list of periodicals covering about 800 publications, and 15 subject-specific modules that supplement the core list. Modules cover arts, business, children, education, general interest, health, humanities, international studies, law, military, multicultural studies, psychology, sciences, social sciences, and women's interests. Full text of many articles is provided.

For more databases see Find Databases.

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FINDING INTERNET RESOURCES

Search Engines and Subject Guides:

Use search engines or Internet subject guides to find resources or sites on the World Wide Web on your topic.
Search Engines are software that allow you to search the contents of web pages.
Subject Guides are web pages that use menus and lists to sort and classify web sites.

Question and evaluate the information you find on web pages. As you would do with books and journal articles, look to see who is responsible for producing the web page or site. How objective is the information? How accurate or truthful? How authoritative? Go to the Evaluating Sources section of this page for more information on how to assess web sites.

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EVALUATING SOURCES

Evaluating the sources you find is a crucial step in the process of library research. The questions you ask about books, periodical articles, or multimedia sources are similar whether you're looking at a citation to the item or have the item in hand.

How to Prepare an Annotated Bibliography lists the steps to create a bibliography, and gives examples of annotated bibliographies.

How to Critically Analyze Information Sources lists some of the critical questions you should ask when you consider the usefulness of a particular book, article, media resource, or Web site for your research.

Distinguishing Scholarly from Non-Scholarly Periodicals: A Checklist of Criteria shows how to evaluate periodicals by looking at their format, appearance, and intended audience.

Evaluating Web Resources lists ways to analyze the Web sites you find.

Five Criteria for Evaluating Web Sites offers a table of suggestions.

For additional suggestions specific to Web sites, see Evaluating Web Sites: Criteria and Tools.

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CITING SOURCES

Cornell University Code of Academic Integrity
Give credit where credit is due. Cite your sources using the style listed below or another style approved by your instructor. A handout summarizing the MLA style is available at Uris and Olin Reference.

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 5th ed.
Gibaldi, Joseph
New York: MLA, 1999.
( Library Gateway Guide, Uris Ref Z 253 .M68 1999; also Olin Ref)

This handbook is based on the MLA Style Manual and is intended as an aid for college students writing research papers. Included here is information on selecting a topic, researching the topic, note taking, the writing of footnotes and bibliographies, as well as sample pages of a research paper. Extremely useful for the beginning researcher.

Managing information using RefWorks
RefWorks is web-based software that allows you to easily collect, manage, and organize bibliographic references by interfacing with databases. RefWorks also interfaces directly with Word, making it easy to import references and incorporate them into your writing, properly formatted according to the style of your choice. For more information and to set up an account go to http://refworks.cornell.edu.

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Research and Reference Help

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January 29, 2007
Tony Cosgrave - ajc5 AT cornell.edu
Reference Librarian


Olin and Uris Libraries, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853
PSA: Public Services and Assessment
Information and reference: 607-255-4144, okuref@cornell.edu
Circulation: (Olin) 607-255-4245, (Uris) 607-255-3537, olincirc@cornell.edu