Postcard,Rocky Mountain National Park (Nat'l. Park Service Postcard Tour)

Literary Terms and Concepts Primary Text Resources Specialized Guides & Dictionaries Biographical Sources Sources for Literary Criticism Bibliographies Annual Surveys of Research Citation Styles Research & Reference Help

Related subject guides: Africana Studies ~ American Indian Studies ~ Comparative Literature ~ English Literature ~ Feminism, Gender, & Sexuality Studies ~ Film ~ History ~ Latino Studies ~ Multicultural Literature of the U.S. ~ Theater ~ Pre-1800 Imprints, British & American

LITERARY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Abrams, M.H. A Glossary of Literary Terms. 7th ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1993.Uris Ref PN 41 A184x 1999

"For clarity, concision and elegance Abrams has few peers and no superiors; plain spoken but not simplistic, his essays on critical methods are the best short treatments in the business." (Choice)

American Literature: the Essential Glossary. Stephen Matterson. London: Arnold; New York : Distributed in the U.S.A. by Oxford University Press, 2003. Uris Ref PS21 .M38x 2003

"Comprising over four hundred entries, this is a concise glossary of American literature, covering key works and writers, historical events, literary terms and movements from Colonial times to the present. Each entry is succinct and because of the suggestions for further reading the glossary can be used both to check facts and to start further research... The book's Index of Works and Writers makes it doubly useful as a reference work, allowing the reader to find information quickly on hundreds of works and writers not listed in individual entries." [publisher]

Bedford Glossary of Critical and Literary Terms. Ross Murfin, Supryia M. Ray. Boston: Bedford Books, c1997. Olin Ref PN41 M874x 1997; 2003 edition in Uris stacks

Provides new, reconsidered definitions of more than 500 terms mindful of the "changing inflections surrounding their use in contemporary critical discourse." (intro) Ranges from the practical and specific (ottava rima, metyonymy) to the historical and conceptual (Russian formalism, interpretive communities). Indexed.

Continuum Encyclopedia of Modern Criticism and Theory. New York: Continuum, 2002. Olin Ref PN94 C695 2002+

A "single-volume guide to the history and development of criticism in the humanities as the twenty-first century opens. While emphasizing the theory and practice of literary and cultural criticism, it provides extensive coverage of related and contextual discourses, as well as critical overviews of the work and reception of major figures responsible, directly or indirectly, for the development of those discourses in the now-related areas of philosophy, poetics, politics, aesthetics, linguistics and psychoanalysis. (Foreword) Signed articles are grouped in three sections: Critical Discourse in Europe, Theories and Practice of Criticism in North America, and Criticism, Literary and Cultural Studies in England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Includes bibliographies and glossary. Indexed.

A Dictionary of Literary Symbols. Michael Ferber. Cambridge, U.K.; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Olin Ref PN56.S9 F47x 1999+

"This is the first dictionary of symbols to be based on literature, rather than "universal" psychological archetypes, myths, or esoterica...two hundred main entries explain and illustrate common literary symbols (swan, rose, goose, moon, gold), supplying cross-references and quotations. Concentrates on English literature, but entries range from the Bible and classical authors to the 20th century, taking in American and European literatures." (from the introduction)Bibliography appended.

Dictionary of Literary Themes and Motifs. Seigneuret, Jean-Charles, ed. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988. Uris Ref PN 43 D55 S55; also Olin

A dictionary of major literary themes and motifs, with an emphasis on Western Literature. Lengthy articles are followed by suggestions for further reading. An index provides access to terms and authors discussed within the major topics.

Dictionary of Poetic Terms. Jack Myers, Don Charles Wukasch. Denton, Tex.: Univ. of North Texas Press, c2003. Olin Ref PN1042 M93 2003

Updated edition of Longman Dictionary and Handbook of Poetry. "Over 1,600 entries on the devices, techniques, history, theory, and terminology of poetry from the Classical period to the present" (book jacket)Bibliography.

Encyclopedia of Rhetoric. Thomas O. Sloane, editor. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Olin Ref PN172 E52x 2001

"This one-volume work covers...the elements, structure, principles and techniques of rhetoric in literature, communication and more specifically, public speaking. Major figures and rhetoric in non-Western cultures are covered as well." (Publisher) Includes synoptic outline of contents, bibliographies, index. Emphasis is on theoretical aspects of rhetoric.

A Handbook to Literature, William Harmon and Hugh Holman. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, c2003. 9th ed. Olin Ref PN41 H355x 2003

"Contemporary reference on literature and literary criticism in English, this handbook provides an alphabetical listing of more than 2,000 important terms and facts in literature, linguistics, rhetoric, criticism, printing, bookselling, and information technology. Covers a wide range of terms, most centered in literature, but extending into other areas, such as film, radio, TV, printing, linguistics and literary theory, music, graphic arts, classical studies, and computing and information science terms." (Publisher)

Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory & Criticism

c1997- .

A full-text searchable database of articles on individual critics and theorists, critical and theoretical schools and movements, and the critical and theoretical innovations of specific countries and historical periods. It also treats related persons and fields that have been shaped by or have themselves shaped literary theory and criticism. Each entry includes a selective primary and secondary bibliography. Paper edition (2005) in Olin Reference: Olin Ref PN81 J554 2005 +.

Literature Online (LION)

LION provides full-text searching of the following literary reference works. From the main screen, go to Criticism & Reference, then click on the Reference link. Check off the titles or titles you wish to search. The list includes:

Columbia Companion to the Twentieth-Century American Short Story (Columbia University Press, 2001)
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms (Oxford University Press, 1990)
Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism (Columbia University Press, 1995)
Encyclopedia of American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998)
Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English (Routledge, 1994)
Encyclopedia of the Novel (Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, 1998)
New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics (Princeton University Press, 1993)

Oxford Reference Online

Searchable database of 100 language and subject dictionaries and reference works of Oxford University Press. Each topical division contains searchable versions of the latest editions of published dictionaries and encyclopedias. Includes:
Concise Oxford Companion to African-American Literature
Concise Oxford Companion to American Literature
Oxford Companion to American Literature
Concise Oxford Companion to Classical Literature
Concise Oxford Companion to English Literature
Oxford Companion to English Literature
Concise Oxford Companion to Irish Literature
Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms Concise Oxford Companion to the Theatre
Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century Poetry in English
Dictionary of Writers and their Works

Routledge Companion to Critical Theory edited by Simon Malpas and Paul Wake. London ; New York : Routledge, 2006. Olin Ref PN81 R68 2006

"...defines what is generically referred to as 'critical theory,' and guides readers through some of the most complex and fundamental concepts in the field, ranging from Historicism to Postmodernism, from Psychoanalytic Criticism to Race and Postcoloniality. Fully cross referenced throughout, the book encompasses manageable introductions to important ideas followed by a dictionary of terms and thinkers which students are likely to encounter. Further reading is offered to guide students to crucial primary essays and introductory chapters on each concept." (publisher)

SPECIALIZED GUIDES AND DICTIONARIES

American Literature: a Study and Research Guide. New York: St. Martins, 1976. Olin Ref Z1225.L43 A5

This is a guide to contemporary writings about American literature. The first nine chapters deal with more general literature (i.e. Types and Schools of Criticism, Studies in Genre, Literary Histories, and so on.) while Chapter 10 covers the literature about twenty-eight major American writers (e.g. Emily Dickinson, Edgar Allen Poe, Ernest Hemingway, etc.). A final chapter discusses the Research Paper and how to go about writing it. An index of authors is located at the end of the volume.

Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. New York: Harper Collins, 1991. Olin Ref PS 21 R28 1991

This alphabetically-arranged volume covers American literature "from the period of European exploration to the early 1990s," and includes entries on authors, titles, characters, literary genres, periodicals, groups and movements, and historical persons and events. Extended sections outline the history of American literature. Also includes material on Canadian and Latin American literature.

The Cambridge Handbook of American Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge, 1986. Olin Ref PS 21 C17; also Uris Ref PS21 C17

The 750 or so entries of this handbook "are designed to be factual and informative, biographical and bibliographical" and "represents a core list of those writers, works, and movements of which some knowledge is essential to all serious students of American literature." (Preface) Arrangement is alphabetical, includes a brief chronology and a Select Bibliography of the most important critical and historical studies of American literature of the last 50 years.

Chicano Literature: A Reference Guide. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1985. Olin Ref PS 153 M4 C53

This guide provides an alphabetical arrangement of entries on major Chicano authors and important topics in the study of Chicano literature. The term "Chicano literature" is defined as the literary output of Mexican-Americans since 1848. Each author entry includes brief biographic information, a discussion of major works, a bibliography of the authors writings, and sources of criticism.

Dictionary of American Literary Characters. New York: Facts on File, 1990. Uris Ref PN 43 D55

A dictionary describing the significant characters in major American novels. An index lists characters by author and novel.

Encyclopedia of American Poetry. The Twentieth Century, edited by Eric L. Haralson. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001. Olin Ref PS323.5 E53x 2001+

"contains over 400 entries that treat a broad range of individual poets and poems, along with many articles devoted to topics, schools, or periods of American verse in the century. Entries fall into three main categories: poet entries, which provide biographical and cultural contexts for the author's career; entries on individual works, which offer closer explication of the most resonant poems in the 20th-century canon; and topical entries, which offer analyses of a given period of literary production, school, thematically constructed category, or other verse tradition that historically has been in dialogue with the poetry of the United States." (publisher)

The Handbook of African American Literature, Hazel Arnett Ervin. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, c2004. Olin Ref PS153 N5 E78 2004; also Africana Ref PS153 N5 E78 2004

"An A to Z compilation of 415 literary terms, ages, movements, periods, and cultural sources, all cross-referenced....Definitions provide substantive discussion and cite specific examples from the works of major critics and major and minor writers from the 1700s to the present... Eight full-length essays, which serve as introductions to important aspects of literary theory and criticism, cover major terms... In addition to discussions of the Harlem Renaissance and the Black Arts Movement, the book describes the Chicago Renaissance of the 1930s to 1950s, the New Renaissance of the 1950s, and the new black aesthetics of the 1980s..[also includes]a literary timeline, divided into sections for African, African American, and Anglophone Caribbean literature that illustrates what was written during the same years in different parts of the world. The book also lists awards and honors given to African American authors." (publisher)

Hispanic Literature of the United States: a Comprehensive Reference, Nicolás Kanellos. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2003. Olin Ref PS153.H56 K36 2003+

Provides a detailed historical overview of Hispanic literature in the United States from the Spanish colonial period to the present, as well as biographical profiles for more than 100 authors. Separate chapters discuss significant movments and themes, Hispanic drama, and publishing trends. Bibliography. Indexed.

Literary History of the United States. 4th rev. ed. 2 vols. New York: Macmillan, 1974. Olin Ref PS 88 L77 1974; also Olin Ref PS 88 L77 1974

A collection of essays presenting a survey from colonial times to the present day. Volume I is a history, Volume II a bibliography. The latter is divided into four main sections: 1) Guide to Resources; 2) Literature and Culture; 3) Movements and Influences; and 4) Individual Authors. This fourth section is a valuable source of biographical materials on 207 authors. Each volume contains its own index.

Native American Literatures : an Encyclopedia of Works, Characters, Authors, and Themes. Kathy J. Whitson. Santa Barbara, Calif. : ABC-CLIO, c1999. Uris Ref PS153.I52 W47x 1999

An encyclopedia of Native American literatures featuring articles on individual authors, on individual works, on important characters in works, and on terms and events of historical significance that figure in many of the works.

The Oxford Illustrated Literary Guide to the United States. New York: Oxford, 1982. Olin Ref PS 141 E33+; also Uris Ref PS 141 E33+

This guide was compiled "to help travelers find places associated with the lives and works of writers....Thousands of literary sites are identified and located in 1,586 hamlets, villages, towns, and cities." (Preface) Entries are arranged alphabetically by place within state and regional chapters. The volume is lavishly illustrated and includes an index to authors.

The Oxford Companion to American Literature. 6th ed. New York: Oxford, 1995. Olin Ref PS21 H32 1995; also online

A ready reference work in dictionary format. It includes short biographies of American authors with lists of their major works, and information regarding their style and subjects. Provides summaries of American novels, essays, and poems as well as definitions and outlines of literary schools and movements.

[HarperCollins] Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. 2nd ed. New York: Harper Resource, 2002. Uris Ref PS21 B46 2002

A comprehensive dictionary of American authors, critics, literary movements, periodicals, and geographical features which have influenced Americas literature from its beginning to the present. Some of the longer articles are signed and references are given to full-length biographical and critical studies. A glossary of literary terms is provided and there are numerous portraits throughout the volume.

BIOGRAPHICAL SOURCES

Literature Resource Center (LRC)

A complete literature database combining biographical, bibliographical, and contextual information on authors and their works (fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, history, and journalism). Draws from Gale Group's core literary databases including Contemporary Authors, Dictionary of Literary Biography (DLB), and Contemporary Literary Criticism (CLC). Provides additional search capability for Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of Literature and Gale literary index.

African American Dramatists: An A-Z Guide edited by Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. Olin Ref PS338 N4 A69 2004

"This reference offers thorough critical assessments of more than 60 African American dramatists from the 19th century to the present. Included are alphabetically arranged entries on such playwrights as Ira Aldridge, James Baldwin, Arna Bontemps, Ed Bullins, Zora Neale Hurston, Willis Richardson, and Richard Wright. Each entry is written by an expert contributor and provides a biography, a discussion of major works and themes, a survey of the dramatist's critical reception, and primary and secondary bibliographies. The volume closes with a selected, general bibliography."

Asian-American Poets: a Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook, edited by Guiyou Huang. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002. Kroch Asia Reference PS153.A84 A826 2002

"providing extended entries on 48 American poets of Asian descent. The entries are arranged alphabetically and each is written by an authority in the field. Each includes a brief biography, a discussion of major works and themes, a review of the poet's critical reception, and a bibliography of primary and secondary works. The volume concludes with a selected, general bibliography." (publisher)

Black American Writers Past and Present: a Biographical and Bibliographical Dictionary. 2 vols. Metuchen: Scarecrow, 1975. (Uris Ref Z 1229 N39 R95; also Olin, Africana)

Includes over 2000 black American writers, living and deceased, from Africa and the West Indies who live and/or publish in the United States. Includes biographical and bibliographical references.

Contemporary American Ethnic Poets: Lives, Works, Sources, edited by Linda Cullum. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2004. Olin Ref PS153M56 C66 2004+

Includes concise articles on 75 contemporary American poets representing a variety of ethnic backgrounds. Each entry contains a biographical summary followed by a thematic overview and bibliography. Provides indexes by theme and ethnicity.

Contemporary American Novelists: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood, 1993.(Olin Ref 153 G38 C76 1993)

Contemporary Lesbian Writers of the United States: A Bio-bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport: Greenwood, 1993. (Olin Ref PS 153 L46 C65x 1993)

Taken together, these two volumes constitute a working biographical dictionary of contemporary American gay and lesbian writers; the first is limited only to novelists, while the second includes both poetry and fiction writers. Each entry contains a biographical sketch, an outline of major works and themes, a summary of critical reception, and a bibliography of primary and secondary sources.

Contemporary Gay American Poets and Playwrights: an A-to-Z Guide, edited by Emmanuel S. Nelson. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2003. Olin Ref PS325 C656 2003

"Alphabetically arranged entries present 62 contemporary gay American poets and dramatists. A number of these writers are well known, including Edward Albee, Harvey Fierstein, and Allen Ginsberg. Others, such as Alan Bowne, Timothy Liu, and Robert O'Hara, merit wider recognition. Each entry is written by an expert contributor and includes a biography, a discussion of major works and themes, an overview of the author's critical reception, and primary and secondary bibliographies." (publisher)

The Harlem Renaissance and Beyond: Literary Biographies of 100 Black Women Writers 1900-1945. Boston: G.K Hall, 1990. (Uris Ref PS 153 N5 R81)

"It is the purpose of this book to focus attention on black women writers whose work belongs primarily to the first half of the twentieth century and whose achievements or existence have been little recognized...." [Preface] One to four page biographies are followed by a bibliography of primary and secondary sources. Includes an index to titles mentioned in the text and a general bibliography.

In Their Own Words : An Index Of Interviews With American Authors, 1945-2000, by Jim McWilliams. West Cornwall, CT: Locust Hill Press, c2002. (Olin Ref Z1227 M39 2002)

Index of interviews with "all fiction writers, poets, and essayists who are regularly anthologized, have won major literary awards, or are the subjects of critical essays" [author]that have been published in literary journals, magazines, and newspapers, primarily in American publications. Arranged alphabetically by author name. Appendices provide bibliographies of book-length interview collections.

Latino and Latina Writers, Alan West-Dura´n, editor. New York : Charles Scribner’s Sons, c2004. 2 vols. Uris Ref PS153.H56 L39 2004

"...provides in-depth biographical and critical essays on more than 50 Latino/Latina writers. Seven thematic essays consider each writer's works in relation to music, language, feminism and other key topics. Covering well-known writers, such as Sandra Cisneros and Luis J. Rodriguez, as well as lesser known but still significant authors, such as Tino Villanueva and Achy Obegas, this set gives researchers detailed coverage of the vibrant works of literature written by Cuban, Dominican, Chicano and Puerto Rican authors." [publisher]

Modern American Women Writers. Schowalter, Elaine, ed. New York: Scribner, 1991. Olin Ref PS 151 M68+; also Uris Ref PS151 M68

Provides scholarly, biographical and critical articles on forty-one representative women writers who published in the United States since 1870. Articles also review important individual titles and place them in the context of each authors overall work. Each signed article includes a selected bibliography of critical and biographical studies.

Writers of the American Renaissance: an A-to-Z Guide, edited by Denise D. Knight. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2003. Olin Ref PS201 W75 2003

"Expands earlier definitions of the 19th-century American Renaissance as represented by canonical writers such as Emerson and Poe, covering writers who published popular fiction and dominated the literary marketplace of the day. Included is generous coverage of women writers and writers of color." (publisher)Alphabetically arranged. Each entry supplies a bibliography of primary and secondary sources. Indexed.

PRIMARY TEXT RESOURCES

Literature Online. (LION)

A full-text collection of poetry, drama, and prose with complementary references sources. Primary texts include English poetry from 600 to the present; American and African-American poetry from 1603 to the present; English drama; English prose; articles, monographs and dissertations from the Annual Bibliography of English Language and Literature; full-text articles from literary journals; and biographical information on widely studied authors. Subsumed in the database are the contents of several Chadwyck-Healey CD-ROM products, including: The Bible in English; Database of African-American Poetry, 1760-1900; Database of Twentieth Century African American Poetry; Editions and Adaptations of Shakespeare; and English Poetry.

Early Encounters in North America - Peoples, Cultures, and the Environment.

This database, assembled from hundreds of primary sources, documents the relationships among peoples and with the environment in North America from 1534 to 1850. The collection focuses on personal accounts and provides unique perspectives from all of the protagonists, including traders, slaves, missionaries, explorers, soldiers, native peoples, and officials, both men and women. It includes works by American Indians as well as a wide range of Europeans. It captures first impressions, records hundreds of years of observations of flora and fauna, describes encounters with native peoples presents a new literature with words and metaphors created in response to new places, and much more. The database includes prints, drawings, paintings, maps, bibliographies, letters, photographs, and original facsimile pages all searchable by standardized vocabulary.

Early American Imprints, 1639-1800

Online version of the microfiche set Early American imprints, 1639-1800, based on the renowned American bibliography by Charles Evans and enhanced by Roger Bristol's Supplement to Evans' American bibliography. Serves as the foundation for research on every aspect of 17th and 18th century American life. Upon completion, Evans Digital will consist of over 36,000 works and 2,400,000 images.

Eighteenth Century Collections Online. (ECCO)

A comprehensive digital edition of The Eighteenth Century microfilm set, which has aimed to include every significant English-language and foreign-language title printed in the United Kingdom, along with thousands of important works from the Americas, between 1701 and 1800. Consists of books, pamphlets, broadsides, ephemera. When completed, the full collection will include nearly 150,000 titles and more than 33,000,000 pages of searchable material.

North American Slave Narratives

Contains full text of "books and articles that document the individual and collective story of African Americans struggling for freedom and human rights in the eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. This collection includes all the existing autobiographical narratives of fugitive and former slaves published as broadsides, pamphlets, or books in English up to 1920. Also included are many of the biographies of fugitive and former slaves and some significant fictionalized slave narratives published in English before 1920."

Wright American fiction, 1851-1875

"A collection of 19th century American fiction, as listed in Lyle Wright's bibliography American Fiction, 1851-1875. There are currently 2887 texts included (1,883 unedited, 1,004 fully edited and encoded) by 1,450 authors"--Title screen.

Also, see the Theater subject guide for information on Asian-American Drama, Black Drama, and North American Women's Drama.

SOURCES FOR LITERARY CRITICISM

The Library provides networked access to many more secondary source databases -- indexes and full-text -- than can be listed here. Others may be located through the Library Catalog and Find Databases.

Annual bibliography of English Language and Literature (ABELL)

Compiled by members of the Modern Humanities Research Association. Best to use the Search Criticism and Reference link in LION to connect to ABELL, an index that overlaps with the MLA, but includes some journals and articles the MLA does not. Some ABELL citations link to full-text articles in JSTOR.

Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI)

ISI citation databases -- under the collective name Web of Science -- are multidisciplinary databases of bibliographic information indexed to be searched by subject, author, journal, and/or author address. They can also be searched for articles that cite a known author or work. Cited reference searching allows use of a given work as if it were a subject term, to identify more recent articles on the same topic. search by footnoted source (1975 - date)

Humanities International Index

A comprehensive database covering journals, books and other important reference sources in the humanities and provides cover-to-cover indexing and abstracting for over 1,700 journals and contains more than 1.5 million records. Humanities International Index includes deep backfiles for some of the most important journals in the area of humanities. The database includes all data from American Humanities Index plus bibliographic records from a multitude of international journals, books and reference works. This database provides citations and abstracts for articles, essays and reviews, as well as original creative works including poems, fiction, photographs, paintings and illustrations.

International Index to the Performing Arts (IIPA)

IIPA Full Text covers a broad spectrum of the arts and entertainment industry--including dance, film, television, drama, theater, stagecraft, musical theater, broadcast arts, circus performance, comedy, storytelling, opera, pantomime, puppetry, magic and more. Full text from 1999 onward.

JSTOR: the Scholarly Journal Archive.

JSTOR is a fully-searchable database containing the back issues of several hundred scholarly journals in the humanities, social sciences, mathematics, music, ecology and botany, business, and other fields. It includes the following collections: Arts & sciences I, II and III, General science, Ecology and botany, Business, Language and literature.

MLA Bibliography

The largest and most comprehensive database covering scholarship in the modern languages, linguistics, literature, folklore, and drama, including film, opera, radio, television and theater. Literary criticism and literary theory are covered extensively. Approximately 4,000 journals and series are screened, and entries for books are included. Records appear both for collections of essays and for their contents. Print volumes covering 1922 - 1962 are in Olin Reference.

19th Century Masterfile: a paratext resource

19th century masterfile/Poole's is a reference service for scholars, bibliographers, and students of the Nineteenth Century. It is a scholarly tool for mining the riches of this extraordinary period. Access is by annual subscription. It is a great deal more than an enhanced Web edition of William Frederick Poole's Index to Periodical Literature. It is a continually expanding resource for the study of Nineteenth-Century cultural and intellectual life.

Periodicals Index Online (formerly PCI)

Electronic index to thousands of periodicals in the humanities and social sciences, covering each periodical from its first issue. Every article is indexed. The scope is international, including journals in English, French, German, Italian, Spanish and other languages. Coverage currently extends from 1770 through 1993.

Twayne's Authors Series.

Offers critical introductions to the lives and works of writers, to the history and influence of literary movements, and to the development of literary genres. "The Twayne Authors Series is the premier literary reference resource series comprising Twayne's U.S. Authors, Twayne's English Authors, and Twayne's World Authors. Each of these individual titles provides literary criticism for approximately 200 authors, bringing the total number of authors covered in the Series to nearly 600."

MLA citation style (Library Gateway Help)

MLA Style (MLA's web site)

Modern Language Association of America. MLA Style Manual. 2nd ed. New York: MLA, 1985.(Olin Reference PN147 G444x 1998; also Uris Reference) Although somewhat scholarly in tone, the purpose of the MLA Style Manual is to provide for the researcher, at whatever level, a systematic, consistent format for all forms of citation. In addition, it provides information about proofreading, the use of abbreviations, transliteration and such simple, but not always obvious items, as margin width, pagination, and typeface.

APA citation style

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.) CU Library Reference locations include Africana, ILR, Mann, Olin, and Uris Libraries at call number: BF76.7 .P83x 2001+.

APA citation style (Library Gateway Help)

APA Reference Examples for Electronic Source Materials Excerpted from the new 5th edition of the Publication Manual.

APAStyle.org